Oncology & Hematology

This review examines the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy.

This cohort study examines the harms and benefits of regimens containing immune checkpoint inhibitors in individuals with non–small cell lung cancer.

This cross-sectional study examines the likelihood of meeting the referral criteria for a cochlear implant and the use of hearing aid among childhood cancer survivors with severe hearing loss.

In Reply We appreciate the interest from Chan et al in our study. We agree that our work has some of the limitations that they underscore, most of which have been presented and discussed in the article text. Importantly, shared care is an applied care delivery strategy. For those who were randomized to shared care, they had a local team that would begin to follow up with them once engraftment occurred with the plan to alternate follow-up visits with the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute team; however, sometimes they might be seen a bit more often locally (eg, if inclement weather made it difficult to get into Boston, Massachusetts) or at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (eg, if they needed follow-up with another Dana-Farber specialty consultant). Although this is admittedly a limitation in terms of absolute standardization of shared care, when we held our preprotocol focus groups with transplant patients and clinicians, they were clear that, given the complexity of posttransplant care, it would never be possible to mandate that patients in the shared care arm rigidly share care every other week. Indeed, we argue this is also a potential strength of our analysis, because shared care, when applied to the routine clinical care delivery setting will also need to have similar flexibility.

The advent of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed the therapeutic landscape of advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and has significantly improved clinical outcomes. In the first-line setting, 3 ICIs (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and cemiplimab) have been approved for the treatment of patients whose tumors express programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in more than 50% of cancer cells using the tumor proportion score methodology. Pembrolizumab and cemiplimab are also approved in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy independent of PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression. Pembrolizumab, in particular, is also approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with positive (≥1%) PD-L1 expression. Moreover, double programmed cell death 1 protein and CTLA4 checkpoint inhibition is approved, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, in the same setting, with a sign of enhanced efficacy in the subgroup of patients with negative PD-L1 expression. Notably, the strategy of mono-immunotherapy has not been directly compared with chemoimmunotherapy in the first- or subsequent-line settings in any randomized clinical trial.

This Viewpoint discusses the history of immunotherapy and the future of targeted therapy to treat cancer.

This cohort study examines barriers to access of CAR T-cell therapy among patients with hematologic cancer referred for this treatment.

To the Editor On behalf of my coauthors, I write to alert readers to errors in our Research Letter, “USPSTF Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines and Disparities in Screening Adherence,” published online March 20, 2025, in JAMA Oncology. Following publication, I revisited our analyses and discovered that a coding issue had led to the inclusion of ever-screened data for 2022 to 2023 instead of up-to-date screening for that time period. This affected the adjusted odds ratios reported in the Results section and the Figure.

This cohort study evaluates the distribution of serum free light chains and free light chain ratios in individuals with preserved kidney function and proposes revised reference intervals and a new definition of light chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

This population-based study examines US national survey data to identify variables associated with greater or lower awareness of alcohol and cancer risk.

This pilot randomized clinical trial evaluates acupuncture relative to usual care for the treatment of nocturia in survivors of prostate cancer.

In the Research Letter titled “USPSTF Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines and Disparities in Screening Adherence,” published online March 20, 2025, a coding issue resulted in the inclusion of ever-screened data for 2022 to 2023 instead of up-to-date screening for that time period. This affected the adjusted odds ratios reported in the Results section and Figure, as well as demographic data reported in the Table. However, these errors do not alter the conclusions of the study. This article was corrected online.

This meta-epidemiological study analyzes phase 3 oncology randomized clinical trials to determine the proportions of trials that show improvement in overall survival, quality of life, and alternative end points and compares these outcomes with overall trial interpretation.

Meta-epidemiology addresses methodological biases and variability in research findings across multiple studies. By systematically examining how study design, statistical methods, and study characteristics influence reported outcomes, meta-epidemiology uncovers the sources and impacts of bias, strengthens research rigor, and promotes greater confidence in scientific findings. Its primary goal is to inform evidence-based guidelines and health policies, ultimately advancing clinical practice.

This Viewpoint explores the role of social media in the dissemination of medical research findings and discusses how oversight, education, and media literacy can help prevent the spread of misinformation.

This cohort study examines membrane target expression in RET fusion–positive non–small cell lung cancer.

JAMA Oncology is committed to publishing influential original research, opinions, and reviews that advance the science of oncology and improve the clinical care of patients with cancer.

This Viewpoint describes accelerated biological aging as a potential mechanism by which exposures lead to early-onset cancers.

Much scholarly ink has been spilled and many an argument made in tumor boards on issues related to salvage radiation (RT) in the event of a biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP). Before discussing salvage RT, it is important to distinguish it from adjuvant RT: the term adjuvant is used when RT is administered soon after surgery with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) undetectable in the presence of certain adverse features; alternatively, salvage is defined as the delivery of RT once the PSA is detectable and rising.

A woman in her 50s with a history of hemochromatosis, psoriasis, and type 2 diabetes presented with a 3-month history of abdominal pain, weight loss, and a large palpable fixed abdominal mass. What is your diagnosis?

To the Editor We read with interest the article by Abel et al that examined shared care after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, which underscored the early quality-of-life (QOL) benefits of shared care. However, there are several methodological limitations warranting further discussion.

This cohort study examines breast cancer outcomes in transgender and gender-diverse patients compared with cisgender patients, including overall survival and sociodemographic characteristics.

This nonrandomized clinical trial evaluates physician-reported late toxic effects and 2-year patient-reported outcomes following post–radical prostatectomy stereotactic body radiotherapy.

To the Editor Accurate identification of significant sex and age disparities in the trends of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NETs) incidence are crucial for informing public health intervention and policymaking. A recent analysis by Abboud and colleagues reported an increasing incidence rate of GEP-NETs from 2001 to 2020, highlighting a higher rate of increase among female individuals (average annual percentage change [AAPC], 3.8) compared with male individuals (AAPC, 3.6), and among younger adults (AAPC, 5.2) compared with elderly individuals (AAPC, 2.7). However, it remains unclear whether the observed sex and age disparities in the increasing gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor incidence are statistically significant. To address this, we revisited and scrutinized the AAPC data in their Table and found no significant difference in the increasing GEP-NETs incidence between sex. This should be clearly clarified to avoid potential misinterpretations by readers.

This nonrandomized phase 2 clinical trial examines contralateral breast cancer risk reduction in women who choose radiation therapy or surveillance rather than mastectomy.

In Reply We read with great interest the letter by Dr Yu et al shedding light on sex and age disparities of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). While we agree with the authors that comparing the incidence rates and trends based on sex and age is of value, the aim of our prior study was not to conduct a head-to-head comparison between different populations. In light of the increasing recognition and familiarity of GEP-NETs by clinicians in the US, our recent epidemiologic analysis aimed to evaluate the national burden of GEP-NETs and to statistically demonstrate the significant increase in GEP-NETs across most gastrointestinal organs while highlighting variations between organs and populations. Our goal was to provide an updated and comprehensive epidemiological understanding of the burden of GEP-NETs using a nationally representative database that covers around 98% of the US population.

This Viewpoint explores cancer center accreditation and how accommodating the diversity of cancer centers could reduce barriers to accreditation and increase patient access to accredited centers.

This cohort study evaluates the efficacy of neoadjuvant programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) or programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade combined with chemotherapy in enhancing surgical outcomes and pathological responses in patients with stage III non–small cell lung cancer.

This study estimates how cell-free DNA screening impacts clinical and economic outcomes in Canada compared with existing screening approaches (fecal immunochemical tests or colonoscopies).

This cohort study compares the performance of digital breast tomosynthesis to conventional digital mammography in screening women with a family history of breast cancer.